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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCity Council Minutes 09/07/1976REGULAR MEETING ROLL CALL TTT[TA/+ A R+T FIAT 1 1 3.7 MINUTES OF MEETING OF CITY COUNCIL PETALUMA, CALIFORNIA SEPTEMBER 7, 1976 The regular meeting of the Petaluma City Council was called to order by Mayor Helen Putnam at the hour of 7 :34 p.m. Present: Councilmen Brunner, Cavanagh, Harberson, Hilli'goss *, Mattei, Perry *, and Mayor Putnam. Absent: None. *Councilman Hilligoss arrived at 7:43 p.m. *Councilman Perry arrived at 8:05 p.m, The Reverend Carl Young -of Free Will Baptist Church gave the invocation. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE Mr. John Pruett; a student at Petaluma High School, led the audience and the in the .Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag: CONSENT CALENDAR Before adopting the items on the Consent Calendar, a brief discussion was held regarding Item #2 which was a resolu- tion approving plans and specifications and calling for bids for one offset duplicating machine., Councilman Mattei wondered if the lan- guage in the specifications would restrict responses to only one or two bidders. Finance Director John Scharer explained the specifications are in such great detail in order to receive bids for offset,duplicating machines that have features which -are desirable to us He further explained no assurance can be given on the number of bids that will be received -, but there probably will be three companies bidding. At the conclusion of discussion, a motion was by Councilman Cavanagh, seconded by Mice -Mayor Brunner to file the ABC- Application and adopt the resolu- tions on the Consent Calendar. Motion carried unanimously. Agenda -Item #1 ABC APP.LICATION--m- BELLI -DELI. DONUT AND GROCERY Agenda Item #2_ CALL FOR BIDS- - OFFSET DUPLICATING MACHINE RES #7500 NCS ABC Application for Belli -Deli Donut and Grocery, 617 East Washington Street, original on -sale beer and wine eating place, 'was. approved. Resolution #7500 N.C.S. approving plans and specifications [— for one Offset Duplicating Machine and calling for bids for/ 703 Wednesday, - September 299 1976, was adopted by 5 affir- mative,..l absentee vote, and 1 abstention. Agenda Item #3 Resolution 97501 N.C.S. adopting list of trees approved•for TREES APPROVED planting.in the City of Petaluma was adopted by 5 affirma -F7 FOR PLANTING tive, 1 absentee vote; and 1 abstention. RES 997501 NCS . Agenda Item #4 Resolution 997502 N.C.S. authorizing Mayor to sign contract AUTHORIZE with Del Davis Associates re•addendum to Millmeister En- FOR MILLMEISTER_EIR vironmental Impact Report re the hospital was adopted by � RES 997502 NCS affirmative, 1 absentee vote, and l abstention. Agenda Item #5 Resolution 997503 N.C.S. authorizing Mayor to, sign Agreement AUTHORIZE'AGREEMENT .. with Healy Tibbitts Construction Company for the construc- FOR OUTFALL tion of.the,Outfall Diffuser for the Water Pollution Control DIFFUSER Facilities - 1972 was adopted by 5 affirmative, l absentee RES 97503 NCS. votes,,and l ;abstention. NOTE! Councilman Harberson abstained from voting on the resolutions on the because of a potential conflict of interest in Item #5', the award of the contract for.the outfall diffuser. September 7,_ 1976.. . AWARD. CONTRACT Finance Director John Scharer explained that on ,August 18, FIRE DEPARTMENT 1976, at 11:00 a.m. three bids were opened for the Fire n0 RADIO BASE STATION Department Radio Base Station. The bids received-were from \\ (DEFERRED) General.Electric Company, $1,991.74; RCA, $1,967.10; and, Motorola, $1,786.97. Mr. Scharer recommended the ,contract be awarded to Motorola in the amount of $1,786.97. Discussion followed in which Counc3lman'Cavanagh- inquired where the equipment would be stationed.. Mr. Scharer answered -that it would be placed in the 'Central. Dispatch area. Councilman Mattei then brought out the fact that there is a.problem with the bidders the Public Safety Communication System, and no one is quite sure what is happening. Mr. Don Bostrum °of Delta and-Mr. Bill Peterson of- Motorola spoke con- cerning the discrepancy. City Attorney'Matthew Hudson suggested that discussion and action on the matter. `be deferred until a "representative from ComCenter is present and has an opportunity to speak. The Council agreed,.and Mayor: Putnam requested the matter beheld in abeyance-.and-no action taken at-this meeting. 1976 STREET OVERLAY City Engineer David Young explained that six bids were PROGRAM- = PROJECT 9404 received for the 1976 Street Overlay Program,, Project 9404, 47504 NCS ranging from a low-of $111,546 to a high of $164,288° He / :recommended the contract be-awarded to the low bidder, W. K. McLellan Company in:the, amount of $111,546. He further dd d B alt Rock Com an would su ly materials for the 1 1 are law abiding... If' stop. signs. are placed at•the intersection, every driver will be forced - to stop,. Councilman Harbersori pointed out that 1/3, to 1/2 of the traffic will be generated- , - by , the people living 'in- "the area; and if they request stop signs. to be - placed at the` intersection, then. - that request -- should be complied with- ;. a e s _p y Pp contract. Councilman Harberson inquired what the Engineer's Estimate was, and Mr. Young .replied that ..it was $151,410.. .. . Resolution #7504 N.C.S. awarding the bids, for the -1976 Street Resurfacing Program #PW 1 =76 (No. 9404) to W. K. McLellan Company in•the amount of $111,546 was-intro- duced by-.Councilman Perry, seconded by Vice -Mayor Brunner, and adopted by .7. affir- mative votes. LETTER -FROM STEVE A 'letter from Mr. Steve Leder, Youth Employment Aide, LEDER-= EMPLOYMENT Employment .Development -Department; expressing:thanks' for. DEVELOPMENT the Counci s cooperation in•this year' -l' s Youth. Employment DEPARTMENT Program was- the Clerk and is on file in the City Clerk's office. ` LETTER FROM J W. A letter from Mr e ,. J. W. Combs P.O. Box 635, Bodega- Bay, COMBS REQUESTING requesting an, Easement Grant at Petroleum Avenue was read EASEMENT GRANT by the Deputy Citg Clerk and is on file in the., City Clerk's Office, Since the- :property.concerned part.of the proposed Marina Project, City Manager: Robert Meyer suggested this item' be .brought.back.on- September.27, 1976, when the Marina is =to be' discussed by the Council. The.Council agreed, and-the item will:'be handled September -27. LETTER FROM,MR. _& MRS, A letter from Mr. & Mrs. L. G. Cook, 808.E1m Drive,,re- L. G. COOK RE STOP questing stop signs at Elm Drive and Cherry Street was SIGN AT:ELM DRIVE summarized by City Engineer Young. A..viewfoil of the Young•presented background J n information to en n t C uc il - & CHERRY STREET la out of the area was projected anon to the Council. He - explained that so far_n 1976 there have been no accidents and previous accidents were caused. by speeding and -loss of control. A radar. speed .survey was,-taken, and it was found that speeds -range:from 20 to 34 miles per.hour, with an.average speed of 26 miles per hour. Mr. Young also.added that '1,000 cars travel through the intersection every_24 hours and the vast - majority of the drivers LETTER FROM MR. &,MRS. 'Mr. Young further stated the street was designed for a E7 G. COOK RE STOP residential area, and at this time, a warning sign is at SIGN AT ELM,DRIVE the intersection. He-iii another warning sign would. &.CHERRY STREET be more appropriate than stop signs. Police- Chief Robert , (Continued) Murphy concurred with Mr: Young, stating he has studied the area and believes.-stop signs at the intersection will cause more accidents than they will prevent, will drastically increase-the number of tire and will provide a " false feeling of security for children. Mr. Cook said they have been fighting.this problem for three years, and many people are concerned about the situation. He added the principal at Cherry Valley Elemen- tary School agreed it was a very dangerous area for,children. Mr. Adrian Sias spoke and suggested a sign similar to the one at the intersection of Webster Street and Bodega Avenue be installed. Mr:. Ron Coate said many children are going to school by car because their parents are - afraid to let them walk. He also added that 'Elm Drive is• becoming- a thoroughfare - rather than .a - residential street. Mr. Byron Fauss then added if Elm Drive wasn't used as a thoroughfare anymore, stop signs would not be needed.' He further suggested in order to more successfully. solve the entire problem, Paula Lane should be extended. At the end o£ the discussion, a motion to install stop signs at Elm Drive and Cherry- Street was introduced by Councilman Harberson and seconded by Councilman Hilligoss. Motion passed unanimously. RECESS Mayor Putnam called a recess at 9:02 p.m., and the Council reconvened at 9:11 p.m. - LETTER FROM MARY Mary Isaak reviewed her letter of August 16; 1976; re- ISAAK RE SENIOR questing.that the old library be used as-a Senior - Drop -in rZZ6 DROP -IN CENTER Center.. -She explained that"the seniors have been meeting since the beginning :of the year, and they believe the old library would be 'a good place for them to meet and'enjoy their activities. Ms. Isaak,added that in return for the space-in the old-library,- the Seniors would like to..offer their services as guides, caretakers, and to pro - vide a drop -in lounge and-snack-bar. Mr. Allison of Petaluma People Services Center- said-the older people-need have a place they can.feel is theirs. A center shouldn't tucked away somewhere,_ but should be in convenient .area.to- permit to become involved in many activities, Mr. Allison feels-,the old. library offers the - Senior community a place to go where.they can feel welcome. Other people—who—spoke in favor of-the old library as a site for.the.Senior.community were.Mr.. Lou Rasmussen,.Trudy Hartford, Program Coordinator of the Senior Volunteer Program, and Mr. Adrian Sias, Mayor.Putnam stated the.City is being guided very carefully by the City Attorney in this matter in order for the library -to continue to as City..property: She.. added -this letter would-be referred to the Committee for consideration when uses for the old library are discussed. PETITION'RE VESTING Petition containing 413 names-submitted by Mr. Edouard MUNICIPAL GOLF .COURSE —Robert,to Clerk and ordered filed. Mr. Robert, acting asF 7 FEASIBILITY STUDY spokesman for the petitioners, requested the feasibility `� study of a municipal golf course - be-considered. He stated a,golf course could be combined with many other facilities, it could be self - supporting -or even-"make money, and it-could provide open -space recreation. He suggested a committee be formed to study the feasibility of a golf course and the employment a golf course architect. Councilman Harberson inquired about possible locations and ways of funding the project. Mr. Robert answered,due to the need for a large amount of water for maintenance, any available -.area near the sewer ponds would be an excellent site. He further stated he-felt both - -Federal and State funds could be obtained for such ,a venture. September 7, 1976- PETITION'REQUESTING Councilman Mattei stated the area.could,be used not only MUNICIPAL-GOLF COURSE -fora golf course, but could be developed for other rec= FEASIBILITY STUDY reational uses similar to:.the J;. F. Kennedy Park in Napa. (Continued) ' He- .envisioned expanding the area.to- include picnic areas,,. baseball.or softball:fields,,walking and bicycling areas, , etc., to fulfill the recreational and open space needs of : the City. He fu- rther'stated when Federal and-State pro - grams are made available for open -space acquisition, the City should -be ready and responsive.. Councilman Cavanagh inquired how much area would be needed to construct a golf. course. Mr. Robert replied that 200 -acres would be a reasonable amount of land.. Mayor Putnam indicated she would appoint.a committee in the near future to explore the possibilities of a municipal golf course. No action was - taken,at this meeting. CITY MANAGER'S REPORTS - CLAIMS .& BILLS Resolution #7505 N.C.S. approving claims -_and bills #141. RES #7505 NCS through #293, inclusive, General. City; and,. #38 through. #66, inclusive; Water, approved for payment by the City Manager, was introduced by Councilman Mattei, seconded by Councilman Cavanagh, and adopted by .7 affirmative votes. FEDERAL LOCAL PUBLIC City Manager Robert Meyer advised that the Federal-Public ® WORKS ACT., 1976, FUNDS; , 1976, Funds were discussed at the meeting of O RES 4f7506 NCS _ .August 30; 1976, but'the matter of the resolution needed further clarification to include the firm of MacKay`and: Somps. Resolutiori #7506 N.C.S. authorizing Mayor to sign- application for. Federal Local Public Works Act, 1976, Funds; was introduced Councilman Harberson, seconded by Councilman Mattei, and by•7-affirmative votes. � a, CITY BUSES FOR Heritage Homes :had asked for the use.of 1 -3 City buses on- HERITAGE'HOMES TOUR, September 19, 1976, from 1- 5.p.m. to transport people on a tour that would. be conducted by- them. . A motion to .allow the three buses to be used.at a total price of $130 was introduced by Counc lman:Cavanagh aiid. seconded by'-Councilman Harberson. Motion carried unanimously; HEATING SYSTEM `Public Works Super- intendent Roy Kelly explained his.de- ® ". ALTERATIONS- -CITY partment is• looking for the most; economical way to supply . HALL & POLICE STATION °.` heat:_to the of City Hall and to�the Police Sta- tion. Estimates -were received from two heating experts:.., and the -cost would-be $l1,25.0- For the basement-, trical heat would be the most economical as far as prfmar -:y installation goes. Councilman Harberson explained that electrical heat tends to be "very expensive in the long run.' Also, next January' legislation will be going into effect .whith will prohibit the use of electric heat if other, means of heating -can be. utilzed. In. the Police Station, it would be economical to install electric heat.or hot water heat in the air conditioning system. Mayor- Putnam inquired where the.money would be taken.from, and Mr. Meyer replied, it would be taken from the contingency fund. The- discussion'ended with-the Mayor directing the .staff to report back to the Council with their recommendation of a, firm, preliminary plans.- and.a. cost estimate. ? RESIGNATION OF .. The resignation of Jeannette Angl .fromthe Recreation JEANNETTE ANGLIN Commission has been accepted by the City Council with FROM RECREATION' = regret. A resolution will be prepared for the next meet- COMMISSION ing fo.rmally,a:c'cepting her resignation. „ AB 2645 City Attorney Matthew Hudson 'explained that he and Council- man`Cavanagh thought the Council would be interested in AB 26 0, which proposes removing the 10(� per ,page limitation for copies of.public documents -and allowing cities to recover their full costs for providing such documents. Mr. Huds - on 'said , a letter in favor of AB 2645 will be prepared - for the Mayor's 'signature. AB 3275 Mr. Hudson also explained AB 3275 concerning the setting up of a,Development`Permit Application. After a recent California Supreme Court decision, the League reversed its previous recommendation and'chose to oppose the Bill. Mr. Hudson stated a letter will be prepared for the Mayor''s signature urging the Governor to veto AB 32.75. APPOINTING VOTING Mayor-Helen Putnam and Vice -Mayor Robert A. Brunner were REPRESENTATIVE TO , chosen to be the- Voting Representative and - Alternate at f LEAGUE OF CALIFORNIA the League of California Cities Annual-Conference. CITIES ANNUAL Resolution #75 N. appointing Mayor Helen Putnam as CONFERENCE Voting Representative of the City Council of the City of RES #7507 NCS Petaluma and appointing Vice -Mayor Robert A. Brunner as Voting Representative in the absence of Mayor Helen Putnam at the League of California Cities annual conference -in San Diego, October 17 - 20` 197'6 was introduced by Council -. man Harberson, seconded by Councilman Mattei, and adopted by'7 affirmative votes° TRUCK ROUTES -AND Councilman Cavanagh,, who is a- member of the Traffic Com- BAN USE OF. TRUCKS ON mittee,- stated .the Committee suggested the Engineering and [` J� 6TH STREET.FROM.A TO - Planning Departments- review truck routes through - r /_/ D STREETS out Petaluma and make-recommendations to -the City Council. RES #7508 NCS City.Manager Robert.Meyer stated trucks should not be driving_on certain streets in the City. He added, how - ever, there are -no truck routes in Petaluma; consequently, truck drivers are free to -use any streets they desire. He suggested the Engineering Department develop truck routes through Petaluma. Sarah Sjosten:sai& she feels all commercial trucks,should be- banned from Sixth Street between _ "A " and "D" Street.. Ms. Sjosten.said that a great deal _of noise.pollution is-generated by the.trucks on Sixth Street; - and the paint.on the houses is being - destroyed -: Ms. Sjosten stated she -had contacted Lt. DeWitt to determine if the- Police Department- could help. He replied. that the Police Depart- ment could-only-do something if signs were installed banning trucks from Sixth Street. City Attorney Matthew Hudson-said-an ordinance is already enacted, but a resolution would -be apprbptiate tonight .'' Mr. Hudson also- suggested that signali - zation'at Petaluma'Boulevard North aind Lakeville would be an alternative method. City Engineer David Young stated the trucks should not -be using residential streets but instead should be using Lakeville„ Washington, and Petaluma Boulevard. Mayor Putnam said -that we can't tell the trucking industry what they cannot do without telling them what they can do. Councilman Harberson then suggested that a'. truck route'be designated with,Lakeville and Washington Streets as the primary streets to be used. At the end of the discussion, it was determined to-have the staff make a study and recommend possible truck routes to the - Council. Also,,: Resolution #7508 N.C.S. prohibiting commercial vehicles on Sixth Street between Western Avenue and "D" Street was introduced by Councilman Hilligoss, seconded by Councilman Harberson, and adopted by 7 affrmative'vot'es. 3 1 7 September 7, 1976 APPROVE CLAIM OF City Attorney Matthew Hudson explained that while on LORENE,A. BLANCETT patrol duty,, City. of Petaluma police car:had grazed.a /:- RES X67509 NCS ; a vehicle : belonging to Lorene A. Blancett: The lowest �(. estimate was presented to the .Council. and Resolution 6675;09 N..C. S.. approving, claim ; of Lorene A. Blancett in; the .amount of $123.62, for.. property damage was.. introduced by Council- man Harberson, seconded by Councilman.Hilligoss,.and adopted by 7 affirmative votes. REVISED COMPLIANCE . -City Engineer David Young-explained the California Re= TIME S CHEDULE FOR gional Water Quality Control Board has given the City of WATER POLLUTION Petaluma a revised compliance time schedule for the waste CONTROL'PLANT discharge-requirements-adopted in Order No.. 74 -195.. Mr. ` FACILITIES d this schedule,is more and much more Younun said realistic. B y January 1, 1977, the EIR and statement must be. completed; by April 1, 1977,..the final report of the subregional study is:to be submitted; and,.by May 1, 1977, the City.has.to have completed an:imp'lementation time schedule and.submit.a facilities plan: IMPROVEMENTS City Engineer. David Young explained that. Mr. Lehrer in- WESTRIDGE #2 quired of him if .there would be any objection to granting � 6 \6LIC occupancy ,to enable people•to move into the homes­in Westridge #2. Mr. Young stated there are .small items of work 'left to be done, but none of this clean -up work would .affect the liveability of the homes. Mayor Putnam stated the Council would not -be approving Westridge #2 in. final form but only- individual biomes - which had received the_ . .Building Inspector's approval. A motion to grant occupany to certain homes in Westridge Subdivision;.Unit #2, with'the Buildi I :approval, was - introduced by Councilman Mattei and seconded by Councilman. Motion passed unanimously: PRELIMINARY-GRADING _ City Engineer David Young stated the developer would like. WESTRIDGE X63: to begin grading Westridge Subdivision,'Unit:3. -There is . RES X67510 RCS ' no subdivision - agreement with• the City, but the plaris` are . almost" °finished. Councilman Mattei inquired if the reason_ for.starting the grading was to finish before the bad. weather eomes. Mr'. Young - replied that`this.was probably. so. Resolution X67510 :N C,S.. authorizing the .Mayor to - sign agreement .'..between ,City of Petaluma and .Debra Homes, Inc. re grading.of Subdivision, Unit 3, was introduced by Vice -Mayor Brunner, - seconded by Councilman Mattei, and adopted by 4 affirmative .and;3.negat ve.votes: Councilmen Harberson;.Hilligoss, and-Perry - voted n HUD 701 GRANT RE Community Development and Services Coordinator Frank Gray � o INTERGOVERNMENTAL. `_ explained that a grant. had been approved for $25,000' and -kind AEPROACHES TO GROWTH the County was to match. with in services, but they J M ANAGEMENT `turned down the grant. The Office of Planning and Research feels -that the.City.of.Petaluma's growth management problem. ::is still not resolved. They will allow Petaluma ,to..m.odify the Grant Application to ,. rece ve. money- to study the problem... Mayor.. Putnam said . if the City can embark on a..study, -we should go.ahead. Councilman Harb:erson agreed that it.wouTd be worthwhile. Mr. Gray added even though the County :could not. participate in the study, Petaluma could make recommendations in the,.County area. At the.end of . discussion, the consensus of Council was they are interested in exploring the possibilities.of - applying for such a grant and asked Mr. .Gray to pursue the matter and, report back to the 'Council. 37 `- September 7, 1976 APPEAL - SENIOR Planning Director Ronald Hall stated Golderman, Glazier, 58 O CITIZEN'S HOUSING and Hansen are appealing his decision that the Senior S RES 97511 NCS Citizen's Housing'Pioject does`-not conform'to the EDP: He said that Mr: Richard Lieb,'the agent for Golderman,­.. 77-79 Glazier, and Hansen', feels the project could fit into the area Mr:' Ha11 advised if the Council decides that the project conforms::w.ith the EDP and General Plan,- all that' Golderman; Glazier, and Hansen need do is. apply for another rezoning,'which they are in the process of doing. Councilman Mattei -asked - if the request to build housing with 13 units, and.Mr. Hall replied that was correct. Community Development and Services- Coordinator Frank Gray explained to the Council they were only being asked to interpret the EDP to determine if this project-would fall within the gross density of the EDP -- not -to approve or reject the project. Councilman Mattei said he believes the Senior Citizen Housing would be a tremendous improvement over what had been at that site previously, and it would be an -asset to the neighborhood. City Attorney Matthew Hudson explained that if Golderman,.Glazier, and Hansen wanted to place themselves at a risk to rezone, then it would be their time and money. Mr. Hudson also said that he did not want to set a precedent in this instance. Consequently, the resolution to be adopted at this meeting would strictly adhere to this case and could not be used in similar situations. Mayor Putnam confirmed that the.Council is looking at the aggregate density factor or how the housing would fit in with the rest of the area. At the end of the discussion, Resolution #7511 N.C.S.'sustaining the appeal of Golderman, Glazier-, and:Hansen (corner of Eighth and "F" Streets) was introduced by Councilman Mattei, seconded by Councilman Hilligoss, and adopted by 6.affirmative. and 1 negative votes. Vice-Mayor Brunner voted "no ". CERTIFICATE OF Planning Director Ron Hall stated that Mr. John D. Murphy COMPLIANCE -- 510 of Larry Parks Realty is asking for a Certificate of/ I & 512 SECOND STREET Compliance for 510 and 512 Second Street. It has . been RES 97512 NCS determined the residences are 50 years -old, the parcels appeared as separate before 1950, and the Engineering Department has'determined no offsite-improvements-need to- be made at this time.. Mr. Hall recommended a Certificate -of Compliance be granted and filed. At the end of the discussion, Resolution 97512 N.C.S. approving Certificate of Compliance (510 and 512 Second Street -- Murphy) was introduced by Councilman Har- berson, seconded by Councilman Hilligoss, and adopted by 7 affirmative votes. AMEND ZONING ORDI Ordinance 991224 N.C.S. amending Zoning Ordinance No. 1072 NANCE TO RECLASSIFY N .C.S. by reclassifying A.P. #5 - 040 -30 (consisting of AP 995- 040 -30 AND approximately 9 acres located - .on Lakeville Highway near AP 917- 030 -20 FROM Casa Grande Road) from PUD-(Planned Unit) District to R -C PUD TO R- 1- 6,500 -- (Compact Residential) and A.P. #17- 030- 20.(consisting of CASA DE ARROYO, approximately 33 acres located on Lakeville Highway.and UNITS 1 AND 2 Frates Road) from PUD (Planned Unit) District to R- 1- 6,500 ORD #1224 NCS (One - family Residential) -- Casa de Arroyo Units 1 and 2 was introduced by Councilman Mattei, seconded by Councilman Perry, and ordered published by 7 affirmative votes. APPROPRIATION Ordinance #1225 N.C.S. -- Annual Appropriation Ordinance ORDINANCE - FISCAL for the Fiscal Year July 1, 1976 to June 30, 1977, setting YEAR 1976 -77 forth the appropriation for each department and fund neces- �f6_77 ORD 91225 NCS sary,to carry on the business of government and appropriating (EMERGENCY ORDINANCE) funds for debt service interest and redemption funds was introduced by Councilman Harberson, seconded by Vice -Mayor Brunner', and adopted by 7 affirmative votes. The ordinance was declared an emergency ordinance, and the.effective date-is September 7, 1976. The City Clerk was ordered to -post the ordinance as, required by law. 1 1